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  2. After Bitcoin Core 0.14.0 and before Bitcoin Core 29.0, validating a specially-crafted block may cause the node to access previously freed memory.
    During validation, necessary data required for checking inputs for each transaction is pre-calculated and cached. For specially crafted invalid blocks, it was possible for this data to be destroyed while it was still being accessed by a background validation thread. An attacker capable of mining a block with sufficient proof-of-work could have exploited this to crash victim nodes. Because of the nature of use-after-free bugs, it is possible that the crash could have been used for remote code execution, though constraints on the input (block) data make this unlikely.
    This issue is considered High severity.

    Details

    By default, script validation for new blocks is dispatched to background threads via a vector of CScriptCheck functors. Each CScriptCheck holds a pointer to a PrecomputedTransactionData object which stores some data needed by each input in the transaction. Because it stores a pointer and not the data itself, care must be taken to ensure that the PrecomputedTransactionData outlives the CScriptCheck.
    The script checks lifetime is enforced by an RAII class, CCheckQueueControl. However, the control is intantiated before the precomputed transaction data. Because local objects in C++ are destructed in reverse order of construction, this means the vector of PrecomputedTransactionData is destroyed before the CCheckQueueControl.
    This is not an issue when the block is valid, as CCheckQueueControl::Wait() will be called before the function returns and the PrecomputedTransactionData gets destroyed. However, in case of an early return (when a separate check fails) a background script thread may read the precomputed transaction data after it was destroyed. An attacker could exploit this to crash victim nodes at the expense of a valid PoW at tip.

    Attribution

    Cory Fields (MIT DCI) discovered this vulnerability and responsibly disclosed it in a detailed report containing a proof of concept for reproduction and a proposed mitigation.

    Timeline

    • 2024-11-02 Cory Fields privately reports the bug
    • 2024-11-06 Pieter Wuille pushes a covert fix to already open PR #31112 which works around the issue by removing the early returns
    • 2024-12-03 PR #31112 is merged
    • 2025-04-12 Bitcoin Core version 29.0 is released with a fix
    • 2026-04-19 The last vulnerable Bitcoin Core version (28.x) goes end of life
    • 2026-05-05 Public disclosure.

[CVE-2025-65715] [Modified: 25-02-2026] [Analyzed] [V3.1 S7.8:HIGH] An issue in the code-runner.executorMap setting of Visual Studio Code Extensions Code Runner v0.12.2 allows attackers to execute arbitrary code when opening a crafted workspace.

[CVE-2025-65716] [Modified: 25-02-2026] [Analyzed] [V3.1 S8.8:HIGH] An issue in Visual Studio Code Extensions Markdown Preview Enhanced v0.8.18 allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via uploading a crafted .Md file.

[CVE-2026-2565] [Modified: 18-02-2026] [Analyzed] [V3.1 S6.6:MEDIUM] A weakness has been identified in Wavlink WL-NU516U1 20251208. Affected by this issue is the function sub_40785C of the file /cgi-bin/adm.cgi. This manipulation of the argument time_zone causes stack-based buffer overflow. The attack can be initiated remotely. The attack is considered to have high complexity. The exploitation is known to be difficult. The exploit has been made available to the public and could be used for attacks. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.

[CVE-2019-25378] [Modified: 20-02-2026] [Analyzed] [V3.1 S6.1:MEDIUM] Smoothwall Express 3.1-SP4-polar-x86_64-update9 contains multiple cross-site scripting vulnerabilities in the proxy.cgi endpoint that allow attackers to inject malicious scripts through parameters including CACHE_SIZE, MAX_SIZE, MIN_SIZE, MAX_OUTGOING_SIZE, and MAX_INCOMING_SIZE. Attackers can submit POST requests with script payloads to store or reflect arbitrary JavaScript code that executes in users' browsers when the proxy configuration page is accessed.

[CVE-2019-25379] [Modified: 20-02-2026] [Analyzed] [V3.1 S7.2:HIGH] Smoothwall Express 3.1-SP4-polar-x86_64-update9 contains stored and reflected cross-site scripting vulnerabilities in the urlfilter.cgi endpoint that allow attackers to inject malicious scripts. Attackers can submit POST requests with script payloads in the REDIRECT_PAGE or CHILDREN parameters to execute arbitrary JavaScript in user browsers.

[CVE-2019-25380] [Modified: 20-02-2026] [Analyzed] [V3.1 S6.1:MEDIUM] Smoothwall Express 3.1-SP4-polar-x86_64-update9 contains multiple reflected cross-site scripting vulnerabilities in the dhcp.cgi script that allow attackers to inject malicious scripts through multiple parameters. Attackers can submit POST requests to dhcp.cgi with script payloads in parameters such as BOOT_SERVER, BOOT_FILE, BOOT_ROOT, START_ADDR, END_ADDR, DNS1, DNS2, NTP1, NTP2, WINS1, WINS2, DEFAULT_LEASE_TIME, MAX_LEASE_TIME, DOMAIN_NAME, NIS_DOMAIN, NIS1, NIS2, STATIC_HOST, STATIC_DESC, STATIC_MAC, and STATIC_IP to execute arbitrary JavaScript in user browsers.

[CVE-2019-25381] [Modified: 20-02-2026] [Analyzed] [V3.1 S6.1:MEDIUM] Smoothwall Express 3.1-SP4-polar-x86_64-update9 contains multiple reflected cross-site scripting vulnerabilities in the hosts.cgi script that allow attackers to inject malicious scripts through unvalidated parameters. Attackers can submit POST requests to the hosts.cgi endpoint with script payloads in the IP, HOSTNAME, or COMMENT parameters to execute arbitrary JavaScript in users' browsers.

[CVE-2019-25382] [Modified: 20-02-2026] [Analyzed] [V3.1 S6.1:MEDIUM] Smoothwall Express 3.1-SP4-polar-x86_64-update9 contains a reflected cross-site scripting vulnerability that allows unauthenticated attackers to inject malicious scripts by manipulating the NTP_SERVER parameter. Attackers can send POST requests to the time.cgi endpoint with script payloads in the NTP_SERVER parameter to execute arbitrary JavaScript in users' browsers.

[CVE-2019-25383] [Modified: 20-02-2026] [Analyzed] [V3.1 S6.1:MEDIUM] Smoothwall Express 3.1-SP4-polar-x86_64-update9 contains multiple reflected cross-site scripting vulnerabilities in the apcupsd.cgi script that allow attackers to inject malicious scripts through multiple POST parameters. Attackers can submit crafted POST requests with script payloads in parameters like BATTLEVEL, RTMIN, BATTDELAY, TO, ANNOY, UPSIP, UPSNAME, UPSPORT, POLLTIME, UPSUSER, NISPORT, UPSAUTH, EMAIL, FROM, CC, SMSEMAIL, SMTPSERVER, PORT, USER, and EMAIL_PASSWORD to execute arbitrary JavaScript in victim browsers.

[CVE-2019-25384] [Modified: 20-02-2026] [Analyzed] [V3.1 S6.1:MEDIUM] Smoothwall Express 3.1-SP4-polar-x86_64-update9 contains multiple reflected cross-site scripting vulnerabilities in the portfw.cgi script that allow attackers to inject malicious scripts through unvalidated parameters. Attackers can submit POST requests with script payloads in the EXT, SRC_PORT_SEL, SRC_PORT, DEST_IP, DEST_PORT_SEL, or COMMENT parameters to execute arbitrary JavaScript in users' browsers.

[CVE-2019-25385] [Modified: 20-02-2026] [Analyzed] [V3.1 S6.1:MEDIUM] Smoothwall Express 3.1-SP4-polar-x86_64-update9 contains a reflected cross-site scripting vulnerability that allows attackers to inject malicious scripts by manipulating the MACHINE and MACHINECOMMENT parameters. Attackers can send POST requests to the outgoing.cgi endpoint with script payloads to execute arbitrary JavaScript in users' browsers and steal session data.

[CVE-2019-25386] [Modified: 20-02-2026] [Analyzed] [V3.1 S6.1:MEDIUM] Smoothwall Express 3.1-SP4-polar-x86_64-update9 contains multiple reflected cross-site scripting vulnerabilities in the dmzholes.cgi script that allow attackers to inject malicious scripts through unvalidated parameters. Attackers can submit POST requests with script payloads in the SRC_IP, DEST_IP, or COMMENT parameters to execute arbitrary JavaScript in users' browsers.

[CVE-2019-25387] [Modified: 20-02-2026] [Analyzed] [V3.1 S6.1:MEDIUM] Smoothwall Express 3.1-SP4-polar-x86_64-update9 contains a reflected cross-site scripting vulnerability that allows unauthenticated attackers to inject malicious scripts by submitting crafted input to the xtaccess.cgi endpoint. Attackers can inject script payloads through the EXT, DEST_PORT, or COMMENT parameters via POST requests to execute arbitrary JavaScript in victim browsers.

[CVE-2019-25388] [Modified: 20-02-2026] [Analyzed] [V3.1 S6.1:MEDIUM] Smoothwall Express 3.1-SP4-polar-x86_64-update9 contains a reflected cross-site scripting vulnerability that allows unauthenticated attackers to inject malicious scripts by submitting crafted input to the ipblock.cgi endpoint. Attackers can inject script tags through the SRC_IP and COMMENT parameters in POST requests to execute arbitrary JavaScript in users' browsers.

[CVE-2019-25389] [Modified: 20-02-2026] [Analyzed] [V3.1 S6.1:MEDIUM] Smoothwall Express 3.1-SP4-polar-x86_64-update9 contains a reflected cross-site scripting vulnerability that allows unauthenticated attackers to inject malicious scripts by manipulating the MACHINES parameter. Attackers can craft requests to the timedaccess.cgi endpoint with script payloads in the MACHINES parameter to execute arbitrary JavaScript in users' browsers.

[CVE-2019-25390] [Modified: 20-02-2026] [Analyzed] [V3.1 S5.4:MEDIUM] Smoothwall Express 3.1-SP4-polar-x86_64-update9 contains multiple reflected cross-site scripting vulnerabilities in the interfaces.cgi script that allow attackers to inject malicious scripts through multiple parameters including GREEN_ADDRESS, GREEN_NETMASK, RED_DHCP_HOSTNAME, RED_ADDRESS, DNS1_OVERRIDE, DNS2_OVERRIDE, RED_MAC, RED_NETMASK, DEFAULT_GATEWAY, DNS1, and DNS2. Attackers can craft POST requests to interfaces.cgi with script payloads in these parameters to execute arbitrary JavaScript in the context of authenticated administrator sessions.

[CVE-2019-25392] [Modified: 20-02-2026] [Analyzed] [V3.1 S6.1:MEDIUM] Smoothwall Express 3.1-SP4-polar-x86_64-update9 contains a reflected cross-site scripting vulnerability that allows unauthenticated attackers to inject malicious scripts by manipulating the IP parameter. Attackers can send POST requests to the iptools.cgi endpoint with script payloads in the IP parameter to execute arbitrary JavaScript in victim browsers.

[CVE-2019-25393] [Modified: 20-02-2026] [Analyzed] [V3.1 S6.1:MEDIUM] Smoothwall Express 3.1-SP4-polar-x86_64-update9 contains a reflected cross-site scripting vulnerability that allows unauthenticated attackers to inject malicious scripts by exploiting insufficient input validation. Attackers can submit POST requests to the smoothinfo.cgi endpoint with script payloads in the WRAP or SECTIONTITLE parameters to execute arbitrary JavaScript in victim browsers.

[CVE-2019-25394] [Modified: 20-02-2026] [Analyzed] [V3.1 S7.2:HIGH] Smoothwall Express 3.1-SP4-polar-x86_64-update9 contains multiple stored cross-site scripting vulnerabilities in the modem.cgi script that allow attackers to inject malicious scripts through POST parameters. Attackers can submit crafted payloads in parameters like INIT, HANGUP, SPEAKER_ON, SPEAKER_OFF, TONE_DIAL, and PULSE_DIAL to execute arbitrary JavaScript in users' browsers when the stored data is retrieved.

[CVE-2019-25395] [Modified: 20-02-2026] [Analyzed] [V3.1 S7.2:HIGH] Smoothwall Express 3.1-SP4-polar-x86_64-update9 contains multiple stored cross-site scripting vulnerabilities in the preferences.cgi script that allow attackers to inject malicious scripts through the HOSTNAME, KEYMAP, and OPENNESS parameters. Attackers can submit POST requests with script payloads to preferences.cgi to store malicious code that executes in the browsers of users accessing the preferences page.